This research article examines LEGAL discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with LEGAL frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian LEGAL system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the LEGAL status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian LEGAL system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on LEGAL challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

Competition law is a newcomer to the LEGAL system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

Copper BARRIER a new method, with BARRIER and mortality efficacies, has been evaluated against C. lencoranea on orange, mahali variety in comparison to other registered molluscicides (Metaldehyde and Carbaryl baits) and weeding control + plaguing treatment. The complete randomized block design was set up, with four replications and each replicate consist of three orange trees in each parts. This study conducted in east and west parts of Mazandaran province during 2004. Treatments were initiated in middle of October with Max. Snails activity. Mortality of C. lencoranea has been obtained through Henderson-Tilton method with sampling interval of one day before and 2, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after the treatments. Mortality recorded by counting alive snails on 4 shoots infested by snails according selection and marking. Analysis of variance done on mean of mortality recorded in each sampling interval and with help of SAS method grouping as well as sustainable effected of those treatments were compared. The results of snail mortalities in all treatments in citrus orchards were found significant at level of 5% (p<0.05). Effects of different treatments found maximum in 7th day of the sampling and mortality rate increased with extent of interval period. Combined analysis done on data of both places and laboratory indicated that, copper BARRIER caused higher mortality effect on snail with longer persistence in comparison of other treatments investigated and placed in group a. Mean of snail control in Sari region (54.32%) was observed higher than Tonekabon (50.01%) region. In total, we can suggest that, copper BARRIER can consider in control of C. lencoranea in tall varieties of citrus in Mazandaran province and other infested citrus region by this snail pest too.

Quaternary climatic oscillations have influenced the species and forced them to habit in safe localities called refugees. Long time isolation has been resulted in genetic divergence that could be distinguished by phylogeographic studies. Geographic distributional patterns compared in six species using mtDNA markers in different localities mainly the Central Iran. BARRIER software applied to reveal genetic BARRIERs and probable corridors. Comparison of geographic distributional patterns indicates incongruent models in these species that is one of features of refuge localities. It seems that each species has responded to climatic fluctuations in different ways. At the end, genetic BARRIERs and probable corridors have investigated in the Central Iran.

The permission of the law as one of the justifiable causes of the crime causes the decline of the LEGAL element of the crime. One of the most important cases of LEGAL permission in Iran is the permission of the municipality to demolish citizens' buildings. In granting this license, the legislature has preferred the public interest to the personal interest And has deviated from the rule of respect for citizens' property. Permitted cases of demolition of citizens' buildings by the municipality are: Destruction in order to implement the final decision of the Commission of Article 100 of the Municipalities Law, Demolition in order to implement public and reconstructive projects and demolition in order to eliminate the danger. Although, the granting of this permit by the legislator does not indicate the full authority of the municipality to demolish the buildings without any conditions, each of the three mentioned licenses has its own conditions. In this article, by using a descriptive-analytical method, we have examined the conditions of each case of LEGAL permission and eventually, we have come to this conclusion that on one hand However, these LEGAL permits have been granted to the municipality in scattered laws, it does not have an identity independence of what is stated in the Islamic Penal Code as a BARRIER to criminal responsibility. On the other hand, in addition to the three mentioned licenses, there are various conditions that In the absence of any of the them, the municipality will be criminally liable for the demolition, Two issues in the municipality's criminal liability for demolition must be considered: First, obtaining permission through the judicial authority does not negate the municipality's criminal liability for demolition and second, to invoke the municipality's act of undermining sovereignty cannot negate the municipality's criminal liability.

Roadside noise BARRIER as the noise control solution is extensively applied to reduce noise pollution. Median BARRIER like roadside BARRIERs can make insertion loss at the receiver’s area making a shadow zone behind the screen. However, the performance of roadside BARRIER can be affected by erecting a median BARRIER. Mainly a median BARRIER is considered as an extra structure to decrease the cross median crashes at highways. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of some treatments such as absorbent material and diffusers on various median BARRIERs shapes. A 2D boundary element method was used to analyze the designed median BARRIER effects. Application of grass on the top surface of median BARRIERs with even cap was more effective than those median BARRIERs that had uneven cap. Utilizing Primitive Root Diffuser (PRD) and Quadratic Residue Diffuser (QRD) on the stem surface of median BARRIER has high efficiency due to cancel outing multiple reflection effects between roadside BARRIER and median BARRIER by 2.2 to 2.7 dB (A), while no improvement could be seen at median BARRIERs with QRD and PRD tops. Finally, it can be stated that the performance of most median BARRIERs were increased using the reactive surfaces on the stem sides of the BARRIER, while the top surface treatment was not very effective in this kind of screens.